Research Article |
Corresponding author: IT Kishchenko ( ivanki@karelia.ru ) Academic editor: Yuliya V. Bespalaya
© 2019 IT Kishchenko.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Kishchenko I (2019) Assessment of deciduous trees introduction prospect in the taiga zone (Karelia). Arctic Environmental Research 19(3): 87-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/issn2541-8416.2019.19.3.87
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The article aimed at assessing introduction prospect for 32 species of the genera Acer L., Betula L., Fraxinus L., Padus Mill., Syringa L. and Sorbus L. at the Botanical Gardens of Petrozavodsk State University (Southern Karelia, central taiga subzone). The degree of introduction prospect was assessed with the use of the integral assessment method by P. I. Lapin and S. V. Sidneva. Such indicators as annual maturing of shoots, regular growth of axial shoots, winter hardiness of plants, habit preservation, shoot-forming capability, generative reproduction capability, capability to reproduce in plantation were taken into account. It was found that Acer ginnala, Acer platanoides, Betula platyphylla, Betula ulmifolia, Fraxinus excelsior, Padus virginiana, Padus pensylvanica, Padus maackii, Syringa vulgaris, Syringa pubescens, Syringa emodi, Syringa × henryi, Syringa josikaea, Syringa villosa, Syringa vulgaris var. Congo, Sorbus decora, Sorbus virginianis and Sorbus аmericana have the highest prospect rates (80–100 points), the other studied species – fairly high prospect rates (56–79 points). All the studied introduced species of deciduous trees can be successfully used in Karelia for gardening and landscaping purposes. Acer platanoides, Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus excelsior, Padus pensylvanica, Padus maackii, Syringa vulgaris и Sorbus decora show the highest degree of introduction prospect (about100 points).
Acer, Betula, introduction, Fraxinus, Padus, Sorbus, Syringa, woody plants
Most indigenous species of woody plants in the taiga zone of Russia are known to be extremely sensitive to progressive environmental pollution. At the same time, many species of deciduous trees from other geographical regions are fairly tolerant to pollution of air with gas and smoke and notable for their longevity (
The studies aimed at assessing introduction prospects for deciduous woody plants. There is no record of any earlier studies of this kind in Karelia.
The studies were carried out at the Botanical Gardens of Petrozavodsk State University located in the central taiga subzone, in the absence of air pollution (61°47’N, 34°20’E). The subjects of the studies were plants of six species of Acer L. (A. negundo L., A. ginnala Maxim., A. platanoides L., A. pseudoplatanus L., A. semenovii Rgl. et Herd., Acer tataricum L.), 6 species and 1 form of genus Betula L. [B. pubescens Ehrh., B. pendula Roth, В. pendula Roht. var. carelica (Merckl.) Hamet-Ahti, В. lutea Michx., B. mandshurica Rgl., B. platyphylla Sukacz., B. ulmifolia Siebold et Zucc.], 3 species of genus Fraxinus L. (F. excelsior L., F. americana L., F. pennsylvanica Marsh.), species of genus Padus L. [P. avium Mill., P. maackii (Rupr.) Kom., P. virginiana (L.) Mill., P. pensylvanica (L. f.) Sok.], 5 species, 2 hybrids and 1 cultivar of the genus Siringa L. [S. vulgaris L., S. pubescens subsp. microphylla (Diels) M.S. Chang & X.L. Chen, S. emodi Wall. ex Royle., S. × henryi Schneid., S. josikaeа Jacq. ex Rheb. f., S. villosa Vahl, S. vulgaris var. Congo Lemoine], 8 species of genus Sorbus L (S. аucuparia L., S. hybrida L., S. decora L., S. sibirica Hedl. L., S. virginiana Mill., S. americana Marsh., S. amurensis Koehne., S. discolor Maxim.) (Cherepanov 1995). Trees were planted at the age of 6–8 years, 15–30 specimen of each. A description of the study subjects is provided in Table
Species and form | Place of origin of seedlings, city | Age, years old |
---|---|---|
Acer negundo | St. Petersburg | 51 |
A. ginnala | St. Petersburg | 46 |
A. platanoides | St. Petersburg | 61 |
A. pseudoplatanus | St. Petersburg | 51 |
A. semenovii | St. Petersburg | 46 |
A. tataricum | St. Petersburg | 61 |
Betula pubescens | Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) | 45 |
B. pendula | Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) | 42 |
В. pendula var. carelica | Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) | 18 |
В. lutea | Arkhangelsk | 18 |
B. mandshurica | St. Petersburg | 44 |
B. platyphylla | St. Petersburg | 44 |
B. ulmifolia | St. Petersburg | 44 |
Fraxinus excelsior | St. Petersburg | 54 |
F. americana | St. Petersburg | 40 |
F. pennsylvanica | St. Petersburg | 40 |
Padus maackii | St. Petersburg | 48 |
P. virginiana | St. Petersburg | 61 |
P. pensylvanica | St. Petersburg | 51 |
P. avium | Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) | 50 |
Syringa vulgaris | Kiev | 51 |
S. vulgaris var. Congo | Moscow | 53 |
S. pubescens | Moscow | 53 |
S. emodi | Moscow | 53 |
S. × henryi | Moscow | 51 |
S. josikaea | Moscow | 63 |
S. villosa | Moscow | 51 |
Sorbus aucuparia | Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) | 50 |
S. hybrida | St. Petersburg | 37 |
S. decora | Minsk | 21 |
S. sibirica | St. Petersburg | 41 |
S. virginiana | St. Petersburg | 42 |
S. americana | St. Petersburg | 45 |
S. amurensis | St. Petersburg | 43 |
S. discolor | Arkhangelsk | 41 |
Prospects of the plants introduction were assessed in points with the use of the methods by P. I. Lapin and S. V. Sidneva (
Annual maturing of shoots is one of the most important indicators of successful introduction characterizing successful wintering. It is mainly determined by shoot stiffening degree, development of plug, waxy bloom, fuzz and shoot protection degree. Maximum grade is 20 points (Table
Evaluation of the prospects for the introduction of deciduous trees, scores
Species | Lignification shoots | Winter hardiness | Preservation habitus | Conduciveability | Increase in height | The ability to generative development | Opportunity breeding in culture breeding in culture | Overall Perspective Assessment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acer ginnala | 20 | 23 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 83 |
A. negundo | 16 | 21 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 65 |
A. platanoides | 20 | 25 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 20 | 10 | 95 |
A. pseudoplatanus | 17 | 22 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 67 |
A. semenovii | 16 | 21 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 65 |
A. tataricum | 20 | 23 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 77 |
Вetula lutea | 20 | 22 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 15 | 3 | 73 |
B. mandshurica | 20 | 20 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 15 | 5 | 79 |
B. platyphylla | 20 | 22 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 20 | 10 | 92 |
B. ulmifolia | 20 | 25 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 20 | 10 | 90 |
Fraxinus excelsior | 20 | 25 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 25 | 10 | 100 |
F. americana | 20 | 5 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 25 | 10 | 78 |
F. pennsylvanica | 20 | 5 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 25 | 10 | 78 |
Padus avium | 18 | 25 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 25 | 10 | 97 |
P. virginiana | 15 | 20 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 25 | 10 | 84 |
P. pensylvanica | 19 | 25 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 25 | 10 | 99 |
P. maackii | 17 | 25 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 25 | 10 | 96 |
Syringa vulgaris | 20 | 25 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 25 | 10 | 100 |
S. pubescens | 20 | 20 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 20 | 10 | 89 |
S. emodi | 20 | 20 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 20 | 10 | 88 |
S. × henryi | 20 | 20 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 20 | 10 | 88 |
S. josikaea | 20 | 20 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 20 | 10 | 88 |
S. villosa | 20 | 20 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 20 | 10 | 88 |
S. vulgaris var. congo | 15 | 10 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 15 | 10 | 67 |
Sorbus hybrida | 15 | 17 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 66 |
S. decora | 20 | 22 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 92 |
S. sibirica | 15 | 18 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 15 | 4 | 74 |
S. virginianis | 18 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 20 | 5 | 86 |
S. americana | 20 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 18 | 4 | 85 |
S. amurensis | 13 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 62 |
S. discolor | 12 | 13 | 10 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 58 |
The studies demonstrated that the majority of the studied species have maximum annual maturing of shoots or close to it, only Padus virginiana, Sorbus hybrida, Syringa vulgaris var. Сongo, Sorbus sibirica and Sorbus discolor have lower results of 12−15 points.
Winter hardiness of plants is the main indicator of successful woody plants introduction in the temperate zone where winter weather conditions often have a negative impact on the introduced plants. Maximum winter hardiness grade is 25 points. The lowest grade of 5–10 points was recorded for Fraxinus аmericana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Syringa vulgaris var. Сongo, the middle one of 13−18 points – for Sorbus hybrida, Sorbus sibirica, Sorbus amurensis and Sorbus discolor, all the other studied species were found to have the highest grade or close to it. Similar conclusion regarding Sorbus sibirica was previously drawn by O.V. Vvedenskaya (
Habit preservation characterizes plants capability to maintain to one degree or another the biologically inherent form of growth which is, on the whole, determined by their winter hardiness. The highest grade for habit preservation is 10 points. All species with the exception of Sorbus hybrida and Sorbus sibirica (7 points) preserve completely their habit. Similar conclusions regarding the introduced species Acer in the Bashkir Cis-Ural region were previously drawn by N. A. Ryazanova and V.P. Putenikhin (
Shoot-forming capability of plants enables them to maintain the form of growth by ensuring its regeneration even after severe crown freezing. Maximum shoot-forming capability grade is 5 points. Lower shoot-forming capability grade (2−3 points) was documented for Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer semenovii, Вetula lutea, Fraxinus аmericana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Syringa emodi, Syringa × henryi, Syringa josikaea, Syringa villosa and Syringa vulgaris var. Сongo. All the other studied species were found to have the highest grade or close to it. In the Orenburg Cis-Ural region the high shoot-forming capability for the same species Syringa as in this study has been previously documented by N. M. Nazarova (
Maximum grade of regular growth of axial shoots (5 points) was documented for all species with the exception of Padus avium, Padus virginiana and Padus maackii (3–4 points). E. A. Arestova (
Generative reproduction capability of plants is a highly important indicator for introduction assessment, since the selection of the most adapted species grown from the seeds of the local generation ensures successful plant acclimatization. Maximum grade of this capability is 25 points. The lowest generative reproduction capability (5−10 points) is typical of Acer ginnala, Acer negundo, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer semenovii, Acer tataricum, Sorbus hybrida и Sorbus discolor, middle one (15−18 points) – for Вetula lutea, Betula mandshurica, Syringa vulgaris var. Сongo, Sorbus sibirica and Sorbus аmericana, the highest one (20−25 points) – for the other species. In the Krasnoyarsk Region T.A. Karaseva (
Capability to reproduce in plantation by seeds show a high degree of plants adaptation to natural conditions of a new region and therefore practical relevance. Capability to reproduce in plantation has a maximum grade of 10 points. Acer negundo, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer semenovii, Acer tataricum, Вetula lutea, Betula mandshurica, Sorbus hybrida, Sorbus decora, Sorbus sibirica, Sorbus virginianis, Sorbus аmericana, Sorbus amurensis and Sorbus discolorwere found to reproduce poorly in plantation (3−5 points), the other studied species have high grades.
The above data was used for a summary assessment of the introduction prospects with the maximum of 100 points. Acer ginnala, Acer platanoides, Betula platyphylla, Betula ulmifolia, Fraxinus excelsior, Padus virginiana, Padus pensylvanica, Padus maackii, Syringa vulgaris, Syringa pubescens, Syringa emodi, Syringa × henryi, Syringa josikaea, Syringa villosa, Sorbus decora, Sorbus virginianis and Sorbus аmericanawere found to have the highest prospect rates (80–100 points), whereas the other species have fairly high prospect rates (56–79 points). Similar data for the taiga zone was previously recorded by other researchers (
All 32 studied species of deciduous woody plants introduced at the Botanical Gardens of Petrozavodsk State University show a high degree of introduction prospect and can be successfully used in settlements of the taiga zone for gardening and landscaping purposes. Acer platanoides, Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus excelsior, Padus pensylvanica, Padus maackii, Syringa vulgaris and Sorbus decora were found to have the highest degree of adaptation (about 100 points).