Research Article |
Corresponding author: Irina Yashchenko ( sric@ipc.tsc.ru ) Academic editor: Aleksandr I. Malov
© 2018 Irina Yashchenko.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yashchenko IG (2018) Viscous and heavy oils of Arctic zone. Arctic Environmental Research 18(3): 90-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/issn2541-8416.2018.18.3.90
|
The paper presents the comparative analysis of physicochemical properties of oils in North American, Scandinavian, and Russian sectors of the Arctic. The analysis of oil reserve distribution in the arctic territory and aquatory shows that the Russian sector is much higher in oil reserves than North American and Scandinavian sectors. A study of physicochemical properties of viscous and heavy oils in the Russian part of the Arctic is presented in this paper. Using a global database on physical and chemical properties of oils, analysis of the distribution of viscous, heavy oils in terms of the volumes of their reserves was carried out. It is known, that heavy and viscous oils account for slightly more than 33 % of the total samples. The criteria necessary to classify oils as hard-to-recover oil reserves are determined. The features of the physico-chemical properties of these oils are studied under various conditions of the Arctic. The results of a comparative analysis of hard-to-recover oils from the main basin West Siberian of the Arctic zone of Russia are given, which made it possible to establish the features of the physicochemical properties of oil. The results of the research can be used to develop new and improve existing methods and technologies for oil production and refining.
The Arctic, oil-gas resources, physic and chemical properties of oil, sulfur, waxes, resins, asphaltenes.
In the 21st century, it has become apparent that further economic development in Russia is impossible without reclamation of the Arctic region based on the new quality approach accounting for ecological priorities. Presently, such arctic countries as Russia, the USA, Canada, Norway, Denmark on behalf of Greenland and non-arctic countries display as well the great interest to reclamation of this region (
The main aim of the study: to study the physicochemical properties of the viscous and heavy oils in the Arctic zone based on the information from the global database on the physicochemical properties of oils created in the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia.
The analysis of oil reserve distribution in the arctic territory and aquatory was carried out using the petroleum chemistry database created in the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia (
In order to provide the compositional analysis, the properties of oil from large, unique and hard to recover reserves of North-West Siberia were studied, namely: Arctic, Bovanenkovo, Zapolyarny, Novopotovskoe, and Russkoe fields. Both physicochemical properties.
The methods used in the study: methods of statistical analysis and classification of data to study the characteristics of viscous and heavy oils and methods of geoinformation systems for spatial analysis of data on the physico-chemical properties and conditions of their occurrence in various oil-bearing basins in the Arctic zone.
The article presents new results of the investigation of the peculiarities of physicochemical properties of hard-to-recover oils of low quality in the Arctic zone of Russia. The analysis was carried out using a vast array of data on the properties of oils obtained from the database of the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry of the SB RAS. The sample size was 2900 samples of Arctic oil, more than half of which (about 1500) belonged to hard-to-recover oils. For this subarray of data, the average values of the physico-chemical characteristics were determined, the comparison of which made it possible to reveal features of the properties of hard-to-recover oils. It is shown that, on average, such oils are heavy, high-viscosity, sulphurous, medium-paraffinic, medium-resins and medium-asphaltenic, with a high content of heavy metals. A comparative analysis of hard-to-recover oils for the West Siberian basin of the Arctic zone of Russia has been carried out, and features of the physicochemical properties of oil have been established.
Table
Arctic zone | Productive basins | Number of hydrocarbon deposits | Hydrocarbon reserves (%) |
North American sector | Alaska Arctic Slope, Beaufort, West-Canadian, Labrador Region, Sverdrup Island | 165 | 18.50 |
Scandinavian sector | West-Scotland, Norwegian Sea, Hatton, Middle Europe, Shetland-Faeroes | 91 | 8.30 |
Russian sector | Anadyr'-Navarinskii, Barents-Kara, East-Arctic, Yeniseian-Anabar, West Siberian, Lena-Vilyuysk, Lena-Tunguska, Penzhinsk, Pacific Ocean region, Timan-Pechora, Ust'-Indigirsk, South-Chukot | 731 | 73.20 |
Physicochemical properties of arctic oils are presented in Table
Indicators | North American sector | Scandinavian sector | Russian sector |
Density (g/сm3) | 0.8880 | 0.8471 | 0.8370 |
Viscosity at 20 °С, (mm2/s) | 26.27 | 7.89 | 421.16 |
Viscosity at 50 °С, (mm2/s) | 12.23 | 5.54 | 16.29 |
Sulfur (wt. %) | 0.99 | 0.36 | 0.59 |
Paraffine (wt. %) | 1.26 | 5.82 | 4.81 |
Asphaltene (wt. %) | 11.30 | 0.48 | 1.52 |
Fraction boiling point ≤200 °С, (wt. %) | 10 | 34 | 28.15 |
Gas m3/t | 219.67 | 187.45 | 142.27 |
Vanadium (wt. %) | 0.004 | 0.0002 | 0.004 |
Nickel (wt. %) | 0.001 | 0.0001 | 0.007 |
It should be noted that Scandinavian region is rich in heavy (over 0.88 g/сm3 density) and viscous (over 35 mm2/s at 20 °С) oils that can be rather efficient for the production of arctic oils and paving bitumen (
Indicators | North American sector | Scandinavian sector | Russian sector |
Density (g/сm3) | 0.9107 | 0.8955 | 0.9250 |
Viscosity at 20 °С, (mm2/s) | 37.68 | 22.67 | 621.40 |
Viscosity at 50 °С, (mm2/s) | 30.30 | 10.14 | 60.53 |
Sulfur (wt.%) | 1.16 | 0.48 | 1.60 |
Paraffine (wt.%) | 1.07 | 1.60 | 2.68 |
Asphaltene (wt.%) | 12.85 | 1.00 | 3.57 |
The statistical analysis shows that heavy and viscous oils in the Russian sector are heavier and more viscous as compared to those from North American and Scandinavian sectors, and almost 1.5–2 times higher in sulfur and praffines. Heavy oils of North American sector are characterized by the higher asphaltene aggregation (3–10 times higher). Scandinavian oils possess higher quality, i.e. the lowest density and viscosity, low sulfur and asphaltenes.
The total area of the Russian sector is 30 % larger than the territory of the whole Russia (
The Russian Arctic region is of geopolitical, economical, defence, scientific, and socio-economic interests of the Russian Federation. The Russian sector is the largest petroleum reserve of the country after West and East Siberia regions that have been explored for the last time. This sector should be seriously prepared for reclamation during the next 10–15 years. The estimation of hydrocarbon potential of territories and aquatories of the Russian sector is given in Table
Hydrocarbon deposits in territories and aquatories of the Russian Arctic zone
Territories and aquatories | Initial recoverable reserves of oil, condensate, associated and free gas | ||||
Oil (bln t) | Associated gas (bln m3) | Free gas (trn m3) | Condensate (mn t) | Total hydrocarbon (bln t) | |
Territories | 51.2 | 2876.0 | 94.6 | 1378.0 | 150.1 |
Aquatories | 19.4 | 2553.8 | 107.6 | 6325.2 | 135.7 |
Total | 70.6 | 5429.8 | 202.2 | 7703.2 | 286.0 |
According to Table
As was mentioned above, the Russian sector is very high in hydrocarbon deposits, especially heavy and viscous oils. These are oils from the unique and large fields, namely: Russkoe, Novopotovskoe, Komsomol'skoe, Vyngapur, Zapadno-Messoyakhskoe, Tazovskoe in West Siberian basin; Naul'skoe, Yaregskoe, Medynskoe-More, Prirazlomnoe, Syurkharatinskoe, Toraveiskoe in Timan-Pechora basin; Olenekskoe in Lena-Tunguska basin, and others (
Physicochemical properties of heavy viscous oils in Arctic zone of Russia
Indicators | Heavy viscous oils |
Density (g/сm3) | 0.9250 |
Viscosity at 20 °С, (mm2/s) | 621.40 |
Viscosity at 50 °С, (mm2/s) | 60.53 |
Sulfur (wt. %) | 1.60 |
Paraffine (wt. %) | 2.68 |
Resins (wt. %) | 9.99 |
Asphaltene (wt. %) | 3.57 |
Fraction boiling point ≤200 °С, (wt. %) | 11.86 |
Fraction boiling point ≤300 °С, (wt. %) | 24.21 |
Fraction boiling point ≤350 °С, (wt. %) | 33.13 |
Gas m3/t | 43.42 |
Vanadium (wt. %) | 0.0067 |
Nickel (wt. %) | 0.0141 |
In Russia, heavy oils are referred to hard to recover hydrocarbon reserves. They differ from traditional oil types not only by their high density but also composition. Moreover, heavy oils comprise naphthenic acids, sulphonated acids, simple and compound ethers which can be extracted by a special refining technology. The cost of these components in terms of marketable products obtained after the oil refinement can exceed the cost of oil products. The content of heavy metals in arctic oil satisfies the level of normal concentrations. Currently, oil companies neglect the extraction of associated components from heavy viscous oil. Besides, there are no efficient technologies for the extraction of associated components that could render a significant profit to oil companies.
Thus, for example, the quality of vanadium and nickel extracted from heavy viscous oil considerably exceeds the quality of analogs obtained from ore. Therefore, it is metal extracted from oil that the developed countries prefer to use in innovative technologies which provide the purity higher than in casthouse production. Canada and Japan produce vanadium completely from heavy viscous oils; the USA extracts over 80 % of vanadium from oil as well (
In order to provide the compositional analysis, the properties of oil from large, unique and hard to recover reserves of North-West Siberia were studied, namely: Arctic, Bovanenkovo, Zapolyarny, Novopotovskoe, and Russkoe fields.
The comparative analysis of physicochemical properties shows that by its density this oil can be referred to light (Bovanenkovo, Zapolyarny and Arctic fields), medium and heavy (Novopotovskoe field), and bitumen (Russkoe field) having over 0.895 g/сm3 density. By contrast to other types, the oil from Russkoe field is high viscous. The properties content of oils from North-West Siberia is given in Table
Area | Zapolyarny | Arctic | Bovanenkovo | Novopotovskoe | Russkoe |
Density (g/сm3) | 0.7942 | 0.8119 | 0.7923 | 0.8495 | 0.9375 |
Viscosity (MPa ∙ s) | 2.33 | 4.69 | 5.55 | 10.57 | 515.86 |
Sulfur (wt. %) | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.34 |
Paraffine (wt. %) | 2.06 | 4.96 | 6.44 | 5.32 | 1.12 |
Resins (wt. %) | 2.63 | 2.40 | 1.92 | 3.27 | 11.43 |
Asphaltene (wt. %) | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.89 |
Fraction boiling point ≤200 °С, (wt. %) | 57.04 | 27.17 | – | 28.53 | 4.09 |
Fraction boiling point ≤300 °С, (wt. %) | 91.35 | 55.33 | – | 56.03 | 13.33 |
Fraction boiling point ≤350 °С, (wt. %) | 99.98 | – | – | 57.66 | 30.90 |
Vanadium (wt. %) | – | – | 0.00001 | 0.00007 | 0.0017 |
Nickel (wt. %) | – | – | 0.00001 | 0.00005 | 0.0005 |
Novopotovskoe and Russkoe fields possess large reserves of heavy and viscous oils, the average physicochemical properties of which are given in Table
Physicochemical properties of heavy viscous oils of Novopotovskoe and Russkoe fields
Indicators | Novopotovskoe field | Russkoe field |
Density (g/сm3) | 0.9147 | 0.9396 |
Viscosity at 20 °С (mm2/s) | 38.99 | 560.00 |
Sulfur (wt. %) | 0.18 | 0.35 |
Paraffine (wt. %) | 1.11 | 1.16 |
Resins (wt. %) | 4.81 | 11.02 |
Asphaltene (wt.%) | 0.33 | 0.74 |
Fraction boiling point ≤200 °С (wt.%) | 0.90 | 0.72 |
Fraction boiling point ≤300 °С (wt.%) | 45.74 | 18.35 |
Fraction boiling point ≤350 °С (wt.%) | 46.52 | 28.21 |
Oils from Russkoe field can become the main natural source of deficient naphthene oil production. According to Table
It is shown that the Russian sector of the Arctic zone is much richer in oil and gas than other sectors. Oils of the Russian sector belong to the light oil type, but are characterized by high viscosity and high content of heavy metals, such as vanadium and nickel the content of which corresponds to their profitable extraction. There are no currently efficient extraction technologies for such associated components as naphthenic acids, sulphonated acids, simple and compound ethers, heavy metals that could render a significant profit to oil companies. The properties and composition of heavy viscous oils from West Siberia is the main recommendation for their refining using the advanced technologies and production models for a wide range of petroleum products. The use of these data for advanced oil processing, efficient and economical use of hydrocarbon deposits will allow not only to improve such processes as thermal and catalytic cracking, but also change the viewpoint concerning the existing oil refining technologies. In General, the results of the research can be used to develop new technologies for oil production and transportation, as well as to assess prospects and determine the direction of development of the domestic oil and gas production complex.
The authors are grateful to E. S. Kozin for maintaining and engineering support of the software of the geo-information system and the database on the physicochemical properties of oils of the Institute of Petroleum Chemistry of the SB RAS and I. L. Torovina for the work on replenishing the database.